What do we *know* about GenAI

There is an unending stream of reports, think-pieces, puff-pieces and hit-pieces on GenAI. You’d need a lifetime to get through it all even if they stopped being written tomorrow.

The trouble is so much of it is speculative. GenAI shills talk uncritically about what it may be able to do, and fudge the lines about what it is really achievable. Equally I read pieces by GenAI skeptics that confidently claim ‘GenAI cannot do X’, when in fact that was true 6 months ago but the extraordinary pace of technological development means it is not true now. There’s also a lot of ‘what-aboutism’ in AI discourse - sure there’s a huge environmental cost to using it but what about email, that uses electricity too? Etc etc.

So if we try and get a handle on where we stand, and want to move beyond the back-and-forth, what do we actually know about GenAI?

GenAI erodes cognitive functioN

A 2025 MIT Study (summarised in Time here) used EEGs to record brain activity in controlled groups. The ChatGPT-using group has the lowest brain engagement and “consistently under-performed at neural, linguistic and behavirol levels.” The study lasted months and the GenAI users got worse and worse over time.

There are several other studies that document this ‘cognitive offloading’ - when we outsource creativity and criticality, we lose the ability to do it for ourselves. That makes sense: if we got someone else to do exercise for us we’d probably lose fitness, too.

GenAI doesn’t reduce workload for regular empoyees

Leaders and managers love GenAI. The pantomime villain bosses love it because it offers the promise of achieving the same results with fewer staff members, thus saving money. But even the well-meaning managers in the public sector seem to love it, because it offers their staff gains in efficiencies and save them time to concentrate on the things which really matter.

But does it, though?

Harvard Business Review published an article this month confirming AI doesn’t reduce work - in fact it intensifies it. In an 8 month study, they it was discovered that employees worked faster, took on more tasks and worked longer hours (for the same pay, of course) thanks to GenAI. “Once the excitement of experimenting fades, workers can find that their workload has quietly grown and feel stretched from juggling everything that’s suddenly on their plate. That workload creep can in turn lead to cognitive fatigue, burnout, and weakened decision-making. The productivity surge enjoyed at the beginning can give way to lower quality work, turnover, and other problems.”

GENAI gets things wrong a lot of the time…

The marketing genius of the word ‘hallucination’ to explain GenAI errors lies in suggesting an entity that can think for itself, and sometimes makes things up or hallucinates. In reality GenAI is a massive excercise in pattern recognition, and the process by which it gets things ‘right’ and gets them ‘wrong’ is exactly the same.

Because of this, the BBC found it misrepresents the news a massive 45% of the time.

I don’t know a single person who has asked GenAI about something they have deep knowledge of, and still rated GenAI highly after reading the results. Not one. I don’t know a single person who has used GenAI to take minutes at a meeting, and then continued to do this after checking the minutes properly for accuracy. To use GenAI in earnest is to learn how limited it is.

…But we use it anyway

We can all talk about how ChatGTP ‘isn’t a search engine’ till we’re blue in the face, and GenAI tools can add a disclaimer saying we should ‘always verify results’ as many times as they like, but we know what humans are like - we’re not checking the results, even in incredibly important things like Police decisions, because that would take more time than just looking up the data properly in the first place.

Google Gemini is a punchline - there are countless examples of it getting things hilariously wrong in its summaries. But Google doesn’t care, because exponentially fewer people are clicking on the links in the search results - they’re staying on Google and just reading the AI.

GENAI already has a high body count

Many GenAI tools are ready to act as a ‘suicide coach’ as shown in cases already going to trial. The ‘deaths linked to Chatbots’ Wikipedia page is steadily growing. A study has been published showing how dangerous GenAI medical advice can be, with examples including bogus information about liver function tests which would mislead people with serious liver disease wrongly thinking they were healthy.

GenAI is built ENTIRELY on stolen intellectual property

The Large Language Model GenAI tools are built on data they stole - and in fact OpenAI has said it would be impossible to create tools like ChatGTP without using copyrighed material. Ah well, fair play lads - on you go, then.

GENAI doesn’t actually save most companies money

In 2025 MIT found that despite investing billions of dollars into GenAI, most major companies are not seeing any return on their investment. In fact 95% of GenAI pilots are failing.

GENAI companies themselves don’t actually make money

OpenAI make the wildly successful ChatGTP - what do you think their profit was in 2025? $1 billion? $2 billion? Not quite - they made an $8 billion loss. Their own internal documents predict a £14 billion loss this year. They’re committed to spending $1.4 trillion, with no road to profitability by 2030.

“OpenAI's losses will total $143 billion between 2024 and 2029, the "largest startup losses in history," Deutsche Bank analysts wrote in a December 4 note. HSBC researchers said in a late November report that they expect OpenAI to have a $207 billion shortfall by 2030, even when modeling for significant boosts in revenue” says Business Insider.

Anyway: the world seems all-in on this tech, but it may be prudent not to become over-reliant on it, for all of the reasons above.

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Not to mention all the other things (you can find a pretty exhaustive list on Sarah Winnicki’s site) like extraordinary electricity use and habitat destroying of the data centres, the fact that one data centre can use the same amount of water per day as a town of 50,000 people, the amplifying violence against women, the huge cost to the creative industries of replacing skilled human with utter slop, the fact that GenAI’s output is racist as hell (oh and sexist, and ableist, and homophobic).

Not to mention any of the horrendousness of Grok, which really belongs in a category of its own, but sadly isn’t, because the other GenAI tools now feed off Grok to inform their own responses, as GenAI eats itself, excretes itself out, and then eats its own waste, like some sort of terrible apocalyptic dog.

And not to mention that our use of (and Government investment in) GenAI pours money into the coffers of literally the world’s worst people, because that’s just my subjective opinion, and this is post is all about what we KNOW about GenAI.

Reading all that back, it’s hard to get enthusiastic about the wide-spread adoption of this technology.

Elevating voices: my keynote at UXLibs 10

You are about to read a blog-post devoid of nonchalance or professional cool… Because this summer I am delivering a keynote speech at my favourite conference of all time, User Experience in Libraries, on its 10th anniversary, in my home City of York.

I am completely thrilled about this!

UX as a tool for equity

My talk is entitled Elevating Voices. Here’s the summary:

Higher Education is facing financial crisis. When budgets tighten, services often shrink to fit the needs of the majority, and ‘maintaining core services’ can easily become a proxy for exclusion. By designing for the ‘typical’ user – those with the fewest barriers and the most flexibility – we inadvertently sideline marginalised groups with complex needs.

This keynote positions UX work as an essential tool for equity. We will explore how libraries can represent the underrepresented, elevate diverse perspectives and ensure our institutions remain inclusive, authentic spaces for everyone.

I feel really passionately about this subject, and I can’t wait to explore it and share some of the work we’ve done at York.

About the conference

The list of speakers is fantastic, and I’m delighted Raj Mann will also be delivering a keynote: I’ve been working with her on our Inclusivity + Belonging UX Project she has been inspirational. I’ve mentioned Raj on this blog before, with regards to Trespasser Syndrome, which she’ll be talking about in her own keynote.

I have bored onto anyone who will listen about how much I love UXLibs. I attended the first one ten years ago in Cambridge, and it was revolutionary for me - learning about User Experience techniques beyond the app / web usability realm I’d previously understood was game-changing, and the conference format was incredibly innovative. A decade on and I have UX in my job title (Faculty Engagement Manager: Community + UX) and it’s a key part of my role.

I have also previously been on the organising committee of the conference for two years, so I know first hand how inclusive and forward-thinking the event is. The community that attends is usually drawn from 25 or more countries, and there’s no group of people who are more interested in the sharing of ideas. To want to do UX work you need empathy above all else, and 100 empathetic people in a room makes for a fantastic event..

If you have even have an inkling that UXLibs might be for you, I cannot recommend coming highly enough. You will learn so much you can USE, and have so much fun, and meet so many great people.

You can find full details of the conference, including booking, on the UXLibs website.

About York

The River Ouse is pretty but very floody - hopefully in June though you should still be able to walk along the path shown here.

In the top right of this pic you’ll see the hotel at which the conference dinner takes place. Lovely hotel, but the exterior is unloved by the locals. The good thing about the Gala dinner being there is it’s one of the few places in York you can’t see the building from, because you’re inside it.

The Ouse gets all the headlines but York’s other river, the Foss, is pretty great

York is tiny as Cities go - you probably won’t need to use a bus or a taxi while you’re here as pretty much everything is walkable. It’s very beautiful. has a famously large number of pubs, and some great places to eat. For anyone who wants recommendations:

• If you want variety and you like shipping containers, Spark York has both of these in abundance. Loads of different foods in what is, by York’s standards, a very cool and happening place.

• If you want six million inventive varieties of beer in and industrial-chic setting with some banging Korean street food, Brew York is the place to go. It’s very near Spark York so why not go directly from one to the other?

• If you like cake, drop what you’re doing and head to Brew and Brownie immediately. Their pancake breakfast is famous but the trouble with it is you don’t want to eat any cake afterwards, and you need to eat their cakes.

• For fabulous sandwiches head to Mannions

• If you like cafes head to Bishy Road where there’s a lot to choose from - the Pig & Pastry and Robinsons in particular are a delight

If you’d like any more specific local tips just send me an email. It goes without saying I hope to see you there!

Posting carousels is like an Instagram cheat code in 2026

What is a Carousel on Instagram?

First things first: in Instagram terms a carousel is a single post containing multiple images or videos. They appear on the Grid, and you view the different images by swiping right.

Since mid-2023 you can add music to your carousel natively in Instagram, and doing so is absolutely crucial to success - it pushes the post into a different algorithm, ensuring it will be viewed much more widely than a single-image, music-free, regular Grid post.

Why are CaRousels so important?

The short answer is: reach.

Instagram’s algorithm has always prioritised video Reels over static images. For organisations, this often meant spending hours producing video content, or risking really low engagement and poor distribution with an image post. Reels are also less accessible than images, because there’s no built in alt-text feature for video on Instagram.

Over the last couple of years, there’s been a shift in the algorithm - Carousels now provide the reach and visibility of a Reel with the simplicity and accessibility of an image post. They bridge the gap. Your key messages can now reach massive audiences with less time, less production, and frankly fewer complications.

The proof is in the analytics

I run our institutional Instagram account - @UoYLibrary - which is a really significant part of our communication with students. I have a million and one other duties as Faculty Engagement Manager so as I noticed carousels getting more views I started to prioritise them over video content because they took so much less time to produce, not least because they can often be made using existing images I already have available to me, rather than needing to shoot new content.

The impact has been remarkable, The extraordinary thing is, even the less successful posts that don’t get the Likes and engagement I’m hoping for are getting consistently high reach and views. Meanwhile the successful ones are outstripping Reels - always the most popular format, historically - in all metrics.

2025 engagement

• Saves: 3 of the top 5 most-saved posts were Carousels (including 1st)

• Shares: 4 of the top 5 most-shared posts were Carousels (including 1st)

• Likes: all 5 of the top 5 most-liked posts were Carousels

2025 reach and views

• In 2024 our top five posts had a combined Reach of 32,095 people: only 1 of these was a Carousel

• In 2025 our top five posts had a combined Reach of 40,228 people (a 25% increase) and 3 of them are Carousels

The most dramatic increase year on year is from Views - unsurprisingly, as if someone views three images as part of a Carousel, that counts as 3 views compared with just 1 for someone watching a Reel or viewing a single image post.

• 2024: Our top 10 posts achieved a combined 70,099 views

• 2025: Our top 10 posts achieved a combined 211,337 views

This represents a 201% year-on-year increase in total views. That top 10 breaks down as follows - several of these are collabs with other accounts, which is hugely important for Reach and Views too.

@UoYLibrary’s 10 most viewed posts across 2025: screenshot from Meta Insights

A tale of two posts

Our most successful post (that we originated, rather than were invited onto as a collaborator) in 2025 - by most metrics, albeit not Likes - was this Carousel to celebrate the library’s birthday. It reached over 9,000 people, was viewed over 23,000 times, and had over 750 Likes as well as large numbers of Saves, Shares, and new Follows.

The most viewed post originated by @UoYLibrary in 2025

For me though, a better example of the power of the Carousel is our least successful post of 2025. In fact in terms of engagement, it is, I think, the least successful post I personally have put on the library Instagram account in its entire history (full disclosure I looked back through six years’ worth of posts before giving up)… It got 17 Likes.

@UoYLibrary’s least Liked post of 2025

Despite this total failure on my part to pitch the Podcasting Studio in such a way as to get Likes (previously when I’ve done a Reel on this it’s had much more Likes, and the TikTok version did really well too - so it’s the framing, rather than the subject matter, that’s the issue with the post above), the Carousel of it all meant it has still reached nearly 900 people and had nearly 4.5k views.

To put that in context, the post reached more people (and got 106% more views) in a week than the podcasting studio webpage did in the whole of 2025 - and that includes a spike in the webpage views caused by the Instagram post… There’s nothing wrong with the webpage - it’s just that our target audience don’t really web-search, but they scroll-search social media all day. So all in all: the habits of undergraduates x the reach of the Carousel = even an unsuccessful Insta post getting key messages out really well compared with other mediums.

Get posting

I’ll write another post soon about what works and doesn’t work with Carousels but for now I hope you’re convinced that, going into 2026 if you’re running an organisational account it’s time to plan some Carousels. In fact I wouldn’t post any individual images this year - why throttle your own reach, when a Carousel would go so much further? Get your message out to the widest audience possible, and take advantage of the cheat code while it lasts!

It might not be Imposter Syndrome... We need to talk about Trespasser Syndrome

Back in 2014 I wrote on this blog that Imposter Syndrome ran through librarianship like a vein. Writing now in 2025, I consider that a misdiagnosis.

Imposter Syndrome is defined as a psychological condition, characterised, as Miriam-Webster has it, by ‘persistent doubt concerning one's abilities or accomplishments accompanied by the fear of being exposed as a fraud despite evidence of one's ongoing success.’

The insidious thing about Imposter Syndrome is it individualises suffering. It’s not something being done to you; it’s something you ‘have’, a personal flaw that comes from within. And because the concept of Imposter Syndrome is so wide-spread, it’s easy not to question that the blame is yours.

It reminds me of the concept of ‘resilience’ as it is applied in Higher Education - the onus is on us as staff to simply become strong enough (or numb enough) to deal with any amount of stress or disruption, rather than on the institutions to try and reduce the imposition of harsher and harsher conditions.

Back in 2014, and indeed now, I was surrounded by brilliant colleagues in the profession who doubted themselves, who thought they were only ever a slip away from the big reveal that they Didn’t Belong Here, despite the evidence to the contrary. It was their ‘condition’ which meant they couldn’t see the truth of their excellence. Right?

Then in 2020, I read a brilliant article on In the Library With the Lead Pipe (consistently the most readable and through-provoking peer-reviewed journal I’ve come across), by Nicola Andrews, entitled It’s Not Imposter Syndrome: Resisting Self-Doubt as Normal For Library Workers.

I’d recommend reading the whole thing but this is the paragraph that really stuck with me:

“As a Māori, takatāpui, immigrant, person of colour, and first-generation scholar, I know that libraries and academia were not constructed for my benefit; and that systems of colonization, white supremacy, misogyny, and hatred continue to operate within them and wider society. The lack of belonging I felt did not stem from a lack of self-esteem, but from the knowledge that libraries and academia as institutions never intended I belong.”

— Nicola Andrews

I feel embarrassed now, that someone needed to point this out to me. I had credited my own lack of Imposter Syndrome as basically being down to a) the sense of self instilled in my by my parents and b) the fact I’d chosen the right profession for me. But of course, it has infinitely more to do with privilege: with the fact that as a white middle-class male my profession and my industry - librarianship and higher education - didn’t treat me like an imposter.

If you’re an ethnically minoritised member of staff in a University and you feel doubt concerning your abilities and whether you truly belong, I’d wager that there’s a good chance it is not the apparently capricious ‘condition’ of Imposter Syndrome - I’d wager you’ve been made to feel like an imposter. If you’re female, or from a working class background, or disabled, or are part of any other underrepresented group, and you feel like an imposter, there’s a good chance you’ve been treated like an imposter. This comes from without, not from within. And that’s not Imposter Syndrome.

(Sidenote: if you’re a white middle class man who feels doubt concerning your abilities and whether you truly belong, it’s not impossible you’ve been promoted beyond your abilities. That’s not Imposter Syndrome either, that’s actually being an imposter…)

How many cases of Imposter Syndrome are actually misdiagnosed? This matters because the term becomes pernicious when it is widely used for groups it was never intended to describe. As Dr Raquel Martin notes, the original 1970s study ‘focused on high-achieving, middle to upper-class European American women, observing how they attributed success to luck rather than their own abilities… the concept was never designed to capture the experiences of marginalised groups like black people, who face additional systemic barriers.’

Trespasser Syndrome

I’ve been working with a brilliant colleague at York, Raj Mann, on a project centred on inclusion and belonging in the library, and I’m indebted to her for introducing me to the term ‘Trespasser Syndrome’. If you’ve read this far and you agree with most or all of what I’ve said above, you’re probably already nodding your head in recognition at how much this new framing improves upon the old framing. It’s not that Imposter Syndrome doesn’t exist - it’s that in so many cases, it is misapplied: in fact the person is made to feel like they’re trespassing in a space simply not intended for them.

I believe the term ‘Trespasser Syndrome’ was coined by Dr Arin N. Reeves, in 2022. I’d recommend reading all of her article Is It Imposter Syndrome or Is It Trespasser Syndrome? - here’s a key quote:

“People from underrepresented groups are not afraid that they are imposters; they are afraid that the majority groups won’t see them for who they are and won’t welcome them if they do see them. These fears are not the fears of imposters; they are the fears of trespassers.

A trespasser is someone who enters spaces they are not supposed to be, where they do not belong. A trespasser isn’t afraid of being discovered for who they really are; they are afraid of being treated like they don’t belong where they are.”

— Dr Arin N. Reeves

What we do about it?

Language and nuance matter, so let’s stop misapplying the term Imposter Syndrome to situations where individuals and groups are being treated like imposters. It’s never good perpetuate harmful language, whether intentionally or not. Reeves advises us to ‘Use “imposter syndrome” when it’s relevant. Differentiate it from “trespasser syndrome” to honor the realities of succeeding in spite of not belonging.’

More than that though, we need to interrogate examples of Imposter Syndrome. If someone you work with says they have it, or describes its symptoms, we need to do more than nod and smile and say ‘I know how you feel’ - we need to work out why they’ve been made to feel like an imposter, and whether we can do anything to change that. How can we create environments that support under underrepresented groups, and dismantle the systems which tell people they don’t belong?

I’ll leave the last word on this to someone much more qualified to talk about it than me. Raj has in fact organised the first ever Trespasser’s Conference as part of her role at YCEDE (the Yorkshire Consortium for Equity in Doctoral Education) and during her keynote address she said this:

“For those of you here today who support racially minoritised staff and students, ask yourselves: have I provided people with the tools they need to be able to thrive in the space? If not, what else do I need to be doing? Instead of helping underrepresented groups to walk past the metaphorical ‘no entry or ‘no trespassing signs,’ instead pull down the sign before they get there, have a comfortable seat ready for them: don’t just applaud the courage and grit on getting there.”

— Raj Mann

New video: library social media in a post-twitter world

Earlier this year I spoke about the social media landscape for public libraries in particular, at the Edge Conference in Edinburgh. It was a great room full of interesting and passionate people, and one of those slightly intimidating setups where you’ve got no laptop in front of you, just a TED-talk style presenter screen facing you from the floor below the stage…

The talk was filmed by prettybright.co.uk (more on which below) and they kindly gave me the footage, to which I’ve added a real-time screen-record of me doing my slides.

There are two reasons I want to share this here. Firstly it gives a pretty up to date state of play on library social media (and although it is public library focused a lot of it applies to other sectors too) and encapsulates a lot of key tips and approaches I feel really passionately about. I really enjoyed the take-aways from my talk (and others) in Dr Mary-Ellen Lynn's review of the event here.

Secondly it will give people an idea of what you get if you book me for a talk, and this particular presentation is a sort of microcosm of the social media workshops I run, minus the activities. When I speak at a conference I’m actively trying to flatten the hierarchy between speaker and audience - I want it to be as much a conversation as possible. I want to focus on ideas that can lead to actions. I want people to feel included, and reassured, as well as inspired to do things differently afterwards. Anyway: if you want to me to talk at your event or run some training, get in touch!

Shownotes:

1) Prettybright really helped me out here. They’d already uploaded a version of the talk to Vimeo but it had minor formatting issues with the slides and I wanted to be able to chop the talk up into shorter chunks (e.g. for sharing a section on LinkedIn) so I asked for the original footage, without realising how much work this would entail at their end. They had to shrink down and colour-grade the original broadcast quality footage from a giant 113 gig file and I’m really grateful to Howard Elwyn-Jones and his colleague Louisa for going above and beyond to do this for me.

2) In the section about Insta I mention ‘the Paisley presentation’ as being filled with the kinds of images that would work really well on that platform: that was in reference to Stephen Slevin’s talk which you can see here

3) At the end I mention handing over to my also Yorkshire-based colleagues: those were Jen Boyle and Rachel Ingle-Teare whose brilliant talk you can view here, about Leeds Libraries

4) The other talks from Edge are all on prettybright’s Vimeo too

5) I delivered a talk in Dublin about social media from the academic library point of view - this was also filmed (albeit just via Teams for the hybrid event, rather than on high quality gear): view Rebuilding the library community here

6) While I was at Edge I also judged a library innovation competition, which I found completely inspiring - I wrote about the winning and highly-commended entries here